How To Clean A Steel Penny: A Step-By-Step Guide

If you’ve stumbled upon some old steel pennies, you may be wondering how to clean them properly without damaging their value. Steel pennies can develop spots, discoloration, and tarnish over the years that can detract from their appearance.

With the right techniques and supplies, you can safely clean steel pennies at home.

If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer to your question: Gently clean steel pennies with distilled water, baking soda, aluminum foil, and a microfiber cloth to remove dirt buildup and restore shine without damaging the coins’ surfaces.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll go over everything you need to know to properly clean steel pennies, including understanding their history and composition, assessing their current condition, gathering the right cleaning supplies, using safe DIY and mechanical cleaning methods, and preventing future tarnishing and oxidation.

History and Composition of Steel Pennies

When and Why Steel Pennies Were Introduced:

Steel pennies were introduced in the United States during World War II, specifically in 1943. This was due to a shortage of copper, which was needed for the war effort. The U.S. Mint made the decision to produce pennies using steel coated with zinc instead of the traditional copper.

The change was temporary and lasted only for that year.

During this time, copper was considered a critical material for the military, as it was used to make ammunition and other essential equipment. By switching to steel, the government was able to conserve copper for more crucial purposes.

Metallurgical Properties of Steel Pennies:

Steel pennies differ in composition from their copper counterparts. They are made of a steel alloy that contains iron, carbon, and small amounts of other elements. The specific composition can vary slightly, but generally, steel pennies contain around 98% iron and 2% carbon.

This steel alloy was chosen for its durability and resistance to corrosion. However, it did present some challenges. Steel pennies were prone to rusting, which is why they were coated with a thin layer of zinc to mitigate this issue.

The zinc coating gave the pennies a silver appearance, which is why they are often referred to as “silver pennies” by collectors.

Comparison of Copper and Steel Pennies:

While steel pennies were a temporary solution to the copper shortage, they hold a unique place in U.S. history. Today, they are highly sought after by collectors and numismatists. If you happen to come across a steel penny, consider yourself lucky as they are a fascinating piece of American coinage.

Assessing the Condition of Your Steel Pennies

Before you begin cleaning your steel pennies, it’s important to assess their condition to determine the appropriate cleaning method. By examining the coins closely, you can identify any signs of wear, damage, tarnish, oxidation, or corrosion that may be present.

Looking for Signs of Wear and Damage

Inspect the surface of your steel pennies for any signs of wear or damage. Look for scratches, dents, or other imperfections that may have occurred over time. These can affect the overall appearance and value of the coin.

Additionally, check for any discoloration or loss of detail on the coin’s design, as this can indicate wear.

Pro tip: To get a clear view of the coin’s condition, use a magnifying glass or jeweler’s loupe. This will help you spot any subtle signs of wear or damage that may not be visible to the naked eye.

Identifying Tarnish, Oxidation, and Corrosion

Tarnish, oxidation, and corrosion are common issues that can affect steel pennies. Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms on the surface of the coin, giving it a dull or discolored appearance.

Oxidation occurs when the metal reacts with oxygen in the air, resulting in a greenish or bluish tint. Corrosion, on the other hand, is more severe and can cause pitting or holes in the coin.

To identify tarnish, oxidation, or corrosion on your steel pennies, look for any discoloration, spots, or rough patches on the surface. Pay attention to areas where the coin’s metal is exposed, such as the edges or high points of the design.

If you notice any of these issues, it’s best to proceed with caution when cleaning the coins.

Expert tip: For more comprehensive information on coin grading and assessing condition, you can refer to reputable coin collecting websites such as NGC or PCGS. These websites provide detailed grading scales and guides that can help you evaluate the condition of your steel pennies accurately.

Supplies You’ll Need for Cleaning Steel Pennies

Distilled Water

Distilled water is an essential supply for cleaning steel pennies. It is important to use distilled water because it does not contain any impurities or minerals that could potentially damage the coin’s surface.

Tap water, on the other hand, can contain minerals and chemicals that may cause discoloration or other forms of damage to the penny. Distilled water can be easily obtained from most grocery stores or pharmacies.

Baking Soda

Baking soda is another key supply for cleaning steel pennies. It acts as a mild abrasive and can help remove dirt, grime, and oxidation from the surface of the coin. To use baking soda, simply make a paste by mixing it with a small amount of water.

Gently scrub the coin with the paste using a soft cloth or toothbrush. Rinse thoroughly with distilled water afterward to remove any residue.

Aluminum Foil

Aluminum foil is a handy supply when it comes to cleaning steel pennies. It can be used in a process called electrolysis, which helps remove stubborn stains and oxidation from the coin’s surface. To use aluminum foil, create a small bowl shape by folding a piece of foil.

Fill it with distilled water and add a teaspoon of baking soda. Place the coin in the bowl and let it soak for a few minutes. The chemical reaction that occurs between the aluminum foil, baking soda, and water helps break down the dirt and rust on the penny’s surface.

Microfiber Cloth

A microfiber cloth is a gentle and effective tool for cleaning steel pennies. Its soft texture helps avoid scratching or damaging the coin’s surface. After using any cleaning method, gently pat the coin dry with a microfiber cloth to prevent water spots or residue from forming.

Optional: Mechanical Cleaners

If you’re looking for a more advanced cleaning method, you may consider using mechanical cleaners designed specifically for coins. These devices use ultrasonic waves or rotating brushes to remove dirt and grime from the surface of the penny.

While these cleaners can be effective, it is essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to avoid any potential damage to the coin.

Safe DIY Cleaning Methods for Steel Pennies

The Baking Soda and Distilled Water Method

One of the safest and most effective methods for cleaning steel pennies is using a mixture of baking soda and distilled water. To start, create a paste by mixing baking soda with a small amount of distilled water.

Scrub the steel penny gently with a soft toothbrush or cloth, using the baking soda paste. Rinse the penny thoroughly with distilled water and pat it dry with a soft cloth. This method is safe for the coin’s surface and helps remove dirt and grime without causing any damage.

Pro tip: Remember to handle the coin with care and avoid using excessive force or abrasive materials that could scratch the surface.

The Aluminum Foil Method

Another effective way to clean steel pennies is by using aluminum foil. For this method, you will need a small container, aluminum foil, and distilled water. First, line the container with a sheet of aluminum foil.

Place the steel penny on top of the foil and add distilled water until the coin is fully submerged. Allow the penny to soak for a few hours or overnight. The chemical reaction between the aluminum foil and the steel penny helps remove tarnish and dirt.

After soaking, remove the coin, rinse it with distilled water, and pat it dry with a soft cloth.

Pro tip: Avoid using this method for valuable or collectible coins, as it may affect their numismatic value.

Storing Cleaned Coins Properly

Once you have successfully cleaned your steel pennies, it is important to store them properly to maintain their condition. The best way to store cleaned coins is in individual coin holders or coin sleeves made of acid-free materials.

These holders protect the coins from air, moisture, and other environmental factors that can cause damage or corrosion over time. Additionally, storing coins in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight will help preserve their appearance.

Pro tip: If you’re unsure about the value of your steel pennies, consider consulting with a professional coin dealer or numismatist for further advice on cleaning and storage.

Remember, cleaning steel pennies should be done with caution to avoid damaging the coin’s surface. It’s always a good idea to research and consult reliable sources, such as the U.S. Mint, for additional information on proper coin cleaning techniques.

Using Mechanical Cleaners for Heavily Tarnished Coins

When it comes to cleaning heavily tarnished coins, sometimes a gentle hand and some soap and water just won’t do the trick. In these cases, it may be necessary to turn to mechanical cleaners to restore the shine and luster to your steel penny.

Two popular options for cleaning heavily tarnished coins are ultrasonic cleaners and tumblers.

Ultrasonic Cleaners

Ultrasonic cleaners use high-frequency sound waves to create tiny bubbles that gently remove dirt and grime from the surface of the coin. These cleaners are especially effective for removing stubborn tarnish and dirt that may be deeply embedded in the nooks and crannies of a coin.

To use an ultrasonic cleaner, simply fill the tank with a cleaning solution, such as a mixture of water and mild dish soap. Place your heavily tarnished steel penny into the tank and turn on the machine.

The sound waves will agitate the liquid, causing the dirt to be loosened and removed from the coin’s surface. After a few minutes, remove the coin and rinse it thoroughly with clean water. Pat dry with a soft cloth to reveal a clean and shiny steel penny.

Tumblers

Tumblers are another mechanical cleaning option for heavily tarnished coins. These machines use a rotating barrel and abrasive media, such as crushed walnut shells or stainless steel shot, to gently polish the surface of the coin and remove tarnish.

To clean a steel penny using a tumbler, place the coin along with the abrasive media into the barrel, and then add a cleaning solution, such as water and a small amount of dish soap. Turn on the tumbler and let it run for several hours or overnight.

The constant rotation and friction between the coins and the media will gradually remove the tarnish, leaving behind a shiny and restored steel penny.

It’s important to note that both ultrasonic cleaners and tumblers should be used with caution, as excessive cleaning can potentially damage the coin. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and consider consulting with a coin expert before attempting to clean any valuable or rare coins.

For more information on cleaning coins and other numismatic topics, you can visit the U.S. Mint website. They provide valuable resources and tips for coin collectors of all levels.

Preventing Future Tarnishing and Oxidation

Tarnishing and oxidation are common issues that affect steel pennies. However, there are steps you can take to prevent future tarnishing and keep your coins looking their best.

Proper Handling and Storage

One of the key factors in preventing tarnishing and oxidation is proper handling and storage of your steel pennies. Here are some tips:

• Wear gloves: When handling steel pennies, it’s important to wear gloves to prevent the transfer of oils and dirt from your hands. This can help minimize the risk of tarnishing.
• Avoid touching the surface: Try to handle the coins by their edges or use a pair of tweezers to minimize contact with the surface. This will help prevent the transfer of oils and fingerprints.
• Store in airtight containers: Keeping your steel pennies in airtight containers can help protect them from exposure to air, moisture, and other elements that can cause tarnishing. Consider using coin capsules or coin holders specifically designed for this purpose.
• Avoid exposure to sunlight: Direct sunlight can accelerate the tarnishing process. Store your coins in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or any other sources of heat or humidity.

Coating Coins with Protective Sealants

Another effective way to prevent tarnishing and oxidation is by coating your steel pennies with protective sealants. These sealants create a barrier between the coin and the environment, helping to slow down the oxidation process. Here are some options:

• Clear lacquer: Applying a thin layer of clear lacquer to your steel pennies can provide protection against tarnishing. Make sure to apply it evenly and allow it to dry completely before handling the coins.
• Commercial coin protectors: There are various commercial products available specifically designed to protect coins from tarnishing and oxidation. These products often come in the form of sprays or dips. Follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

It’s important to note that while protective sealants can help prevent tarnishing, they may also alter the appearance of the coin. If you are a collector or value the original look of your steel pennies, it’s best to consult with a professional before applying any sealants.

By following these tips for proper handling, storage, and the use of protective sealants, you can help prevent future tarnishing and oxidation of your steel pennies, keeping them in great condition for years to come.

Conclusion

With the right supplies, techniques, and care, you can safely clean steel pennies at home without damaging their surfaces or numismatic value. Always start with the gentlest cleaning methods using distilled water and baking soda before trying harsher mechanical cleaners.

Properly storing cleaned coins in bags or albums will help prevent future tarnishing and keep your steel pennies looking pristine for years to come.